Libraries, Electronic Resources and Electronic Publishing : International Summer School on the Digital Library 24-27 August 2003

International Summer School on the Digital Library 2003, Libraries, Electronic Resources, and Electronic Publishing

Libraries, Electronic Resources and Electronic Publishing
International Summer School on the Digital Library 24-27 August 2003

Pippa Jones

This course was designed for librarians working in many types of library but the participants came mainly from university libraries and were largely working with scientific information. The largest number of delegates came from Northern Europe but there were a few from Africa, Central America and New Zealand who added new dimensions to discussion. While we in Europe are considering new ways of accessing and disseminating online information, those from developing countries often do not even have the electricity supply, let alone the bandwidth, to download online information.

Day 1 - Issues, trends and developments

Introduction to the course - Hans Geleijnse
Provided a brief history of the beginnings of the electronic library which really came into being in Europe 12 years ago when academic publishers Elsevier and Tilburg University collaborated on the TULIP project to provide online images of science materials for 22 science journals. Since then electronic licences for e-journal subscriptions have become standard worldwide, but there are very few electronic only organisations. The hybrid library is still with us, and looks likely to stay. Current issues are now:

Electronic archiving
Relationship between publishers and libraries
Consortia
Copyright and licencing
Traditional scholarly publishing vs alternative publishing
Comparison of the cost and use of electronic and print journal collections - Donald W King
Covered the history of electronic journals from their inception in the US in the late 1960s to the present day. Provided information on detailed studies King has carried out for over 30 years on the changing use of scientific and online journals by American research scientists. He also covered the ever-increasing cost of scientific journals and its effect on availability to researchers.

IT and electronic publishing - Teun Nijssen
This entertaining lecture covered:

Selecting hardware and software for running library networks
Development of library portals
Metadata formats for cataloguing
Document formats using SGML and XML. XML looks likely to become the most widely used Mark Up Language
Authentication and authorisation - increasingly required by publishers and dataset providers, but which could be solved by the use of proxy servers
Digital object identifiers, which will be required for all digitally archived objects
International standards - vital to prevent duplication of effort by those developing new mark up languages, metadata systems and digital object identifiers
Legal Issues in E publishing: Copyright and licensing - Emanuella Giavarra
Defined copyright in terms of economic and moral rights and gave a brief history of EU directives on Copyright from 1991-2001. (The UK has not yet fully implemented the last directive that should have been in place by 31.12.2003). These have largely resulted in:

increased rights for copyright holders
decrease in the number of exceptions to copyright law, e.g. in UK fair dealing was cut so that a library cannot provide copies to individuals with commercial interests
move to regulate access to information by contract rather than copyright law
Digital resources and licensing - made it extremely clear that no library should enter into negotiations about licences for electronic resources without full understanding of the law, and should take legal advice to ensure activities for which the information is to be used are not in breach of the law.

Each lecture was followed by a plenary discussion and question and answer session.

Day 2 - Electronic publishing and archiving

Strategy of Elsevier Science, e-publishing in practice - Jonathan Clark
Described the traditional publishing process for print or electronic journals in which a scientific paper is sent to a journal editor, passed to reviewer, reviewed and either recommended for publication or rejected, published and then made available to the reader. New trends at Elsevier include:

Electronic back files -E-journals are now so popular that Elsevier is in the process of archiving all their articles from the present backwards in the hope of providing online back files to all who require them.
Article based publishing - it should be possible to make new articles available online immediately they are received instead of waiting until a complete issue is available. The next stage is to move to article only publishing, but traditionally authors want their articles published in the most prestigious journals. Moving away from this model will require a huge culture shift in scientific publishing.
Integrated digital library solutions

Evolve service which allows lecturers to set up links to all the full text articles on course reading lists. Of course they all have to come from Elsevier journals
Dymond - a means of searching chemical literature by structure diagrams, not text
User centred design - study the way users search scientific literature and develop interoperability to allow them to search all types of online information with different interfaces.

Making digital information last - Johan F. Steenbakkers
An inspiring presentation describing how the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek, KB) has begun to permanently archive electronic publications from the Netherlands, and future developments in this area. The Dutch government has allocated 1 million Euros to the project. The KB has been able to extend its buildings in order to house tapes which store individual digital objects (articles, images, websites, webpages) in a format which will remain readable despite upgrades and multiple developments in technology. This is the e-Depot. The deposit system has been developed with IBM and uses archiving standards developed by NASA. It does not mirror the publisher's interface, so a web links in document will not be live.

The KB is working with publishers Elsevier, Kluwer and others and will ensure that the KB archives remain permanently available so that the publishers will no longer have to maintain their own digital archives. Publishers have agreed that walk-in users at KB may access any digital object in the archive. In contrast to printed works where each national library collects all items published in their own country, international e-journals have no specific homeland, so Elsevier is looking for 4 or 5 places to keep a full archive of their electronic journals throughout the world, in Europe - KB, USA, Far East, possibly Australasia and elsewhere. On 1.7.2003, 1 million articles were on tape in the e-depot.

International consortia and the information industry - Arnold Hirshon
Described the types of library and information industry consortia in the USA and how libraries can use them to their advantage to negotiate licences, purchase online and print material, and optimise revenue. Hirshon is manager of a consortium that employs him and a small full-time staff to act on the members' behalf. The value of consortia is increasing as the large publishers, particularly Elsevier, merge with or take over other smaller companies. Elsevier is now responsible for 70% of all scientific publishing.

Consortia add value for member libraries. The Big Deal was an agreement negotiated with Academic Press (now part of Elsevier) by a consortium of academic libraries in Ohio to allow all consortium members cross access to electronic journals held by consortium members. This increased the amount of journal titles available to researchers at all universities in the consortium. Elsevier is now retreating from the Big Deal. As market leader it will no doubt influence decisions of its competitors to sign up to similar agreements. This presentation was in interesting contrast to all the others that included publishers, and Elsevier in particular, as partners in the development of the electronic library of the future.

The Art of Negotiation - Hans Roosendaal
Outlined a series of strategies that libraries can use when negotiating with publishers to purchase a licence to use databases and online journals. Roosendaal is a physicist who has published widely, worked for Elsevier for several years, and returned to the University of Twente as Professor of Scientific Information. Consequently he knows how each type of organisation operates and emphasised the importance of partnership between customer and service provider, openness and honesty in negotiations.

The lecture was followed by an hour long workshop in which participants divided into groups of librarians and publishers and undertook a case study negotiating a deal to licence a geospatial dataset for use in an academic library. This participative activity was a welcome change from the lecture, plenary discussion format which had preceded it for all previous sessions.

Day 3 - The future

The Open Archives Initiative and OpenUrl - components of the digital library infrastructure - Herbert Van de Sompel
A presentation describing the protocol developed by Van de Sompel and others to allow searching of unpublished material by highly respected authors, i.e. preprints, that have not been peer reviewed and published in scholarly journals, but are available in repositories in academic institutions or elsewhere. This makes information immediately available, bypasses the publisher who is making a lot of money from libraries who subscribe to their journals, and allows libraries to guarantee access to up-to-date information to users.

This work led Van de Sompel and colleagues at Los Alamos, New Mexico, to launch the Open Archives Initiative in which individual academic (or other) institutions could set up their own repositories in which all types of online information produced by the organisation, e.g. learning materials, theses, students' work (could be images, video, documents) working papers, published works, technical reports, archival material, and scholarly work which is not published, but highly relevant to other researchers could be stored and searched. The main impetus for this development was the spiralling cost of scientific serials and the desire to "give science back to the scientists" and cut out the publisher as middle-man in the process of scientific publishing.

Sylvia van Peteghen of University of Ghent and Susan Ashworth of Glasgow University described their own university libraries' open archive projects. The Daedalus Project, is Glasgow University's institutional repository. This project is funded until 2005 and is intended to contain all electronic items created by the University. All types of items can be searched using a single search engine and will require some metadata entry to ensure records are searchable.

Both presenters agreed that the biggest problems in ensuring success are not technical but cultural. The University Principal/Rector must be persuaded of the advantage of this open access culture to academic achievement, public relations and marketing. Every faculty must be encouraged to see the advantage of contributing, as must University administration. The vision must be clearly expressed and all stakeholders convinced of the advantages of contributing.

Van de Sompel then went on to describe the next stage of his protocol development, the OpenURL project, whose technical details are beyond me.

A very lively plenary discussion on the challenges of creating an institutional repository followed, in which more questions were asked than answered, about copyright ownership, privacy and access control, authentication, quality control, presence or absence of metadata, search software and who should take responsibility for an institutional repository. There was a strong feeling from some participants that it was not the library's responsibility, but should be funded and run by a central administrative unit.

The research and Higher Education information market - Hans Roosendaal
Suggested that HE institutions and researchers will gradually integrate their information sources over the next 5 or 10 years. E-learning will change the shape of higher education as students take modules at several institutions in order to obtain a degree. It will no longer be feasible for every teacher to write and update their own online learning materials, and just a few of the very best will contribute to these, which will be widely used.

HE institutions will have to develop e-publishing and archiving activities to serve their own authors and readers (students, teachers, other researchers). Publishers will have to find new roles e.g. providing high quality access and linking material from the distributed producers in HE Institutions. New business models will develop to support these arrangements.

Conclusion, the future role of libraries - Hans Geleijnse

Despite the developments in electronic publishing the e-only library is not likely to prevail in the near future. The hybrid library will remain with us for some time.
Technology will continue to develop rapidly allowing improved interoperability between different interfaces and across networks. Digital archiving will improve.
If publishers continue to raise the price of e-information academic and research organisations will look elsewhere to publicise their work. Institutional repositories may provide a means of publishing research. However this will require a huge cultural shift in how the importance of research is assessed. Journal impact factors remain extremely important to scientists.
E-learning will alter the way in which students study and affect the balance between teaching and research in universities. Open archives could be of huge benefit to e-learners.
Archiving of digital publications will become important to governments and many decisions on what, how and when to archive will have to be made.
The electronic library will have a role in all these developments
I thoroughly enjoyed this course. It renewed my interest in scientific librarianship and publishing, areas that my current post has not required me to consider for several years. It was stimulating and thought provoking and provided a very real opportunity to consider international developments in e-libraries. I would recommend it to colleagues with responsibility for licencing and copyright issues, those who work with scientific information and those who are working on digital library projects.

This report was written for her colleagues at the University of Leeds Library by Pippa Jones, Head of Customer Services, University of Leeds Library, Leeds, United Kingdom. Ticer B.V. is not responsible for its content. Copyright Pippa Jones.

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last updated 26 September 2003

	Libraries, Electronic Resources and Electronic Publishing International Summer School on the Digital Library 24-27 August 2003
	Pippa Jones
	This course was designed for librarians working in many types of library but the participants came mainly from university libraries and were largely working with scientific information. The largest number of delegates came from Northern Europe but there were a few from Africa, Central America and New Zealand who added new dimensions to discussion. While we in Europe are considering new ways of accessing and disseminating online information, those from developing countries often do not even have the electricity supply, let alone the bandwidth, to download online information.
	Day 1 - Issues, trends and developments
	Introduction to the course - Hans Geleijnse Provided a brief history of the beginnings of the electronic library which really came into being in Europe 12 years ago when academic publishers Elsevier and Tilburg University collaborated on the TULIP project to provide online images of science materials for 22 science journals. Since then electronic licences for e-journal subscriptions have become standard worldwide, but there are very few electronic only organisations. The hybrid library is still with us, and looks likely to stay. Current issues are now: Electronic archiving Relationship between publishers and libraries Consortia Copyright and licencing Traditional scholarly publishing vs alternative publishing Comparison of the cost and use of electronic and print journal collections - Donald W King Covered the history of electronic journals from their inception in the US in the late 1960s to the present day. Provided information on detailed studies King has carried out for over 30 years on the changing use of scientific and online journals by American research scientists. He also covered the ever-increasing cost of scientific journals and its effect on availability to researchers. IT and electronic publishing - Teun Nijssen This entertaining lecture covered: Selecting hardware and software for running library networks Development of library portals Metadata formats for cataloguing Document formats using SGML and XML. XML looks likely to become the most widely used Mark Up Language Authentication and authorisation - increasingly required by publishers and dataset providers, but which could be solved by the use of proxy servers Digital object identifiers, which will be required for all digitally archived objects International standards - vital to prevent duplication of effort by those developing new mark up languages, metadata systems and digital object identifiers Legal Issues in E publishing: Copyright and licensing - Emanuella Giavarra Defined copyright in terms of economic and moral rights and gave a brief history of EU directives on Copyright from 1991-2001. (The UK has not yet fully implemented the last directive that should have been in place by 31.12.2003). These have largely resulted in: increased rights for copyright holders decrease in the number of exceptions to copyright law, e.g. in UK fair dealing was cut so that a library cannot provide copies to individuals with commercial interests move to regulate access to information by contract rather than copyright law Digital resources and licensing - made it extremely clear that no library should enter into negotiations about licences for electronic resources without full understanding of the law, and should take legal advice to ensure activities for which the information is to be used are not in breach of the law. Each lecture was followed by a plenary discussion and question and answer session.
	Day 2 - Electronic publishing and archiving
	Strategy of Elsevier Science, e-publishing in practice - Jonathan Clark Described the traditional publishing process for print or electronic journals in which a scientific paper is sent to a journal editor, passed to reviewer, reviewed and either recommended for publication or rejected, published and then made available to the reader. New trends at Elsevier include: Electronic back files -E-journals are now so popular that Elsevier is in the process of archiving all their articles from the present backwards in the hope of providing online back files to all who require them. Article based publishing - it should be possible to make new articles available online immediately they are received instead of waiting until a complete issue is available. The next stage is to move to article only publishing, but traditionally authors want their articles published in the most prestigious journals. Moving away from this model will require a huge culture shift in scientific publishing. Integrated digital library solutions Evolve service which allows lecturers to set up links to all the full text articles on course reading lists. Of course they all have to come from Elsevier journals Dymond - a means of searching chemical literature by structure diagrams, not text User centred design - study the way users search scientific literature and develop interoperability to allow them to search all types of online information with different interfaces. Making digital information last - Johan F. Steenbakkers An inspiring presentation describing how the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek, KB) has begun to permanently archive electronic publications from the Netherlands, and future developments in this area. The Dutch government has allocated 1 million Euros to the project. The KB has been able to extend its buildings in order to house tapes which store individual digital objects (articles, images, websites, webpages) in a format which will remain readable despite upgrades and multiple developments in technology. This is the e-Depot. The deposit system has been developed with IBM and uses archiving standards developed by NASA. It does not mirror the publisher's interface, so a web links in document will not be live. The KB is working with publishers Elsevier, Kluwer and others and will ensure that the KB archives remain permanently available so that the publishers will no longer have to maintain their own digital archives. Publishers have agreed that walk-in users at KB may access any digital object in the archive. In contrast to printed works where each national library collects all items published in their own country, international e-journals have no specific homeland, so Elsevier is looking for 4 or 5 places to keep a full archive of their electronic journals throughout the world, in Europe - KB, USA, Far East, possibly Australasia and elsewhere. On 1.7.2003, 1 million articles were on tape in the e-depot. International consortia and the information industry - Arnold Hirshon Described the types of library and information industry consortia in the USA and how libraries can use them to their advantage to negotiate licences, purchase online and print material, and optimise revenue. Hirshon is manager of a consortium that employs him and a small full-time staff to act on the members' behalf. The value of consortia is increasing as the large publishers, particularly Elsevier, merge with or take over other smaller companies. Elsevier is now responsible for 70% of all scientific publishing. Consortia add value for member libraries. The Big Deal was an agreement negotiated with Academic Press (now part of Elsevier) by a consortium of academic libraries in Ohio to allow all consortium members cross access to electronic journals held by consortium members. This increased the amount of journal titles available to researchers at all universities in the consortium. Elsevier is now retreating from the Big Deal. As market leader it will no doubt influence decisions of its competitors to sign up to similar agreements. This presentation was in interesting contrast to all the others that included publishers, and Elsevier in particular, as partners in the development of the electronic library of the future. The Art of Negotiation - Hans Roosendaal Outlined a series of strategies that libraries can use when negotiating with publishers to purchase a licence to use databases and online journals. Roosendaal is a physicist who has published widely, worked for Elsevier for several years, and returned to the University of Twente as Professor of Scientific Information. Consequently he knows how each type of organisation operates and emphasised the importance of partnership between customer and service provider, openness and honesty in negotiations. The lecture was followed by an hour long workshop in which participants divided into groups of librarians and publishers and undertook a case study negotiating a deal to licence a geospatial dataset for use in an academic library. This participative activity was a welcome change from the lecture, plenary discussion format which had preceded it for all previous sessions.
	Day 3 - The future
	The Open Archives Initiative and OpenUrl - components of the digital library infrastructure - Herbert Van de Sompel A presentation describing the protocol developed by Van de Sompel and others to allow searching of unpublished material by highly respected authors, i.e. preprints, that have not been peer reviewed and published in scholarly journals, but are available in repositories in academic institutions or elsewhere. This makes information immediately available, bypasses the publisher who is making a lot of money from libraries who subscribe to their journals, and allows libraries to guarantee access to up-to-date information to users. This work led Van de Sompel and colleagues at Los Alamos, New Mexico, to launch the Open Archives Initiative in which individual academic (or other) institutions could set up their own repositories in which all types of online information produced by the organisation, e.g. learning materials, theses, students' work (could be images, video, documents) working papers, published works, technical reports, archival material, and scholarly work which is not published, but highly relevant to other researchers could be stored and searched. The main impetus for this development was the spiralling cost of scientific serials and the desire to "give science back to the scientists" and cut out the publisher as middle-man in the process of scientific publishing. Sylvia van Peteghen of University of Ghent and Susan Ashworth of Glasgow University described their own university libraries' open archive projects. The Daedalus Project, is Glasgow University's institutional repository. This project is funded until 2005 and is intended to contain all electronic items created by the University. All types of items can be searched using a single search engine and will require some metadata entry to ensure records are searchable. Both presenters agreed that the biggest problems in ensuring success are not technical but cultural. The University Principal/Rector must be persuaded of the advantage of this open access culture to academic achievement, public relations and marketing. Every faculty must be encouraged to see the advantage of contributing, as must University administration. The vision must be clearly expressed and all stakeholders convinced of the advantages of contributing. Van de Sompel then went on to describe the next stage of his protocol development, the OpenURL project, whose technical details are beyond me. A very lively plenary discussion on the challenges of creating an institutional repository followed, in which more questions were asked than answered, about copyright ownership, privacy and access control, authentication, quality control, presence or absence of metadata, search software and who should take responsibility for an institutional repository. There was a strong feeling from some participants that it was not the library's responsibility, but should be funded and run by a central administrative unit. The research and Higher Education information market - Hans Roosendaal Suggested that HE institutions and researchers will gradually integrate their information sources over the next 5 or 10 years. E-learning will change the shape of higher education as students take modules at several institutions in order to obtain a degree. It will no longer be feasible for every teacher to write and update their own online learning materials, and just a few of the very best will contribute to these, which will be widely used. HE institutions will have to develop e-publishing and archiving activities to serve their own authors and readers (students, teachers, other researchers). Publishers will have to find new roles e.g. providing high quality access and linking material from the distributed producers in HE Institutions. New business models will develop to support these arrangements. Conclusion, the future role of libraries - Hans Geleijnse Despite the developments in electronic publishing the e-only library is not likely to prevail in the near future. The hybrid library will remain with us for some time. Technology will continue to develop rapidly allowing improved interoperability between different interfaces and across networks. Digital archiving will improve. If publishers continue to raise the price of e-information academic and research organisations will look elsewhere to publicise their work. Institutional repositories may provide a means of publishing research. However this will require a huge cultural shift in how the importance of research is assessed. Journal impact factors remain extremely important to scientists. E-learning will alter the way in which students study and affect the balance between teaching and research in universities. Open archives could be of huge benefit to e-learners. Archiving of digital publications will become important to governments and many decisions on what, how and when to archive will have to be made. The electronic library will have a role in all these developments I thoroughly enjoyed this course. It renewed my interest in scientific librarianship and publishing, areas that my current post has not required me to consider for several years. It was stimulating and thought provoking and provided a very real opportunity to consider international developments in e-libraries. I would recommend it to colleagues with responsibility for licencing and copyright issues, those who work with scientific information and those who are working on digital library projects.
	This report was written for her colleagues at the University of Leeds Library by Pippa Jones, Head of Customer Services, University of Leeds Library, Leeds, United Kingdom. Ticer B.V. is not responsible for its content. Copyright Pippa Jones.